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How to Make Chewed Gum Hard Again

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Soft substance meant to exist chewed without swallowing

Chewing gum
Chewing gum stick.jpg

An unwrapped stick of chewing gum
Blazon Confectionery
Main ingredients gum base, sweeteners, plasticizers, flavors, colors, polyols
  • Cookbook: Chewing glue
  • Media: Chewing gum

Chewing mucilage is a soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed. Modern chewing gum is composed of glue base of operations, sweeteners, softeners/plasticizers, flavors, colors, and, typically, a hard or powdered polyol blanket.[1] Its texture is reminiscent of rubber considering of the concrete-chemical properties of its polymer, plasticizer, and resin components, which contribute to its elastic-plastic, sticky, chewy characteristics.[2]

History

Traditional extraction of chicle from chicozapote tree (Achras zapota) in Quintana Roo, Mexico. This way of extracting past making zigzag incisions is known since ancient Mayan culture who call information technology sicté.

The cultural tradition of chewing mucilage seems to accept developed through a convergent evolution process, as traces of this habit take arisen separately in many of the early civilizations. Each of the early on precursors to chewing gum were derived from natural growths local to the region and were chewed purely out of the instinctual want to masticate. Early chewers did not necessarily desire to derive nutritional benefits from their chewable substances, but at times sought taste stimuli and teeth cleaning or breath-freshening capabilities.[3]

Chewing gum in many forms has existed since the Neolithic period. 5,000-year-sometime chewing mucilage made from birch bark tar, with tooth imprints, has been institute in Kierikki in Finland. The tar from which the gums were fabricated is believed to take antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits.[4] It is chemically similar to petroleum tar and is in this manner different from nigh other early gum.[5] [6] The Mayans and Aztecs were the first to exploit the positive properties of mucilage;[vii] they used chicle, a natural tree gum, as a base for making a gum-like substance[8] and to stick objects together in everyday use. Forms of chewing gum were also chewed in Ancient Greece. The Ancient Greeks chewed mastic gum, fabricated from the resin of the mastic tree.[9] Mastic gum, like birch bark tar, has antiseptic properties and is believed to have been used to maintain oral health.[10] Both chicle and mastic are tree resins. Many other cultures have chewed gum-similar substances made from plants, grasses, and resins.

Variations of early chewing gum worldwide[3]
Ancient civilization Chewing mucilage precursor
Ancient Greece Mastic tree bark
Aboriginal Maya Chicle
Chinese Ginseng plant roots
Eskimos Blab
Native Americans Saccharide pine and spruce sap
South Americans Coca leaves
S Asia (India) Betel nuts
Tropical Due west Africa Kola nuts
United States (early settlers) Tobacco leaves

Although chewing gum tin be traced back to civilizations around the world, the modernization and commercialization of this production mainly took place in the United states of america. The American Indians chewed resin made from the sap of spruce copse.[11] The New England settlers picked upwards this practice, and in 1848, John B. Curtis adult and sold the first commercial chewing glue chosen The State of Maine Pure Bandbox Gum. In this fashion, the industrializing West, having forgotten nearly tree gums, rediscovered chewing glue through the Outset Americans. Around 1850 a gum made from paraffin wax, which is a petroleum product, was developed and soon exceeded the spruce mucilage in popularity. To sweeten these early gums, the chewer would often make use of a plate of powdered sugar, which they would repeatedly dip the gum in to maintain sweetness.[12] William Semple filed an early patent on chewing glue, patent number 98,304, on 28 December 1869.[13]

An epitome of a Colgan's Taffy Tolu Chewing Gum chromolithograph ad circa 1910

The commencement flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by John Colgan, a Louisville, Kentucky, pharmacist. Colgan mixed with powdered sugar the aromatic flavoring tolu, a pulverization obtained from an extract of the balsam tree (Myroxylon), creating small sticks of flavored chewing glue he named "Taffy Tolu".[xiv] Colgan also led the mode in the manufacturing and packaging of chicle-based chewing glue, derived from Manilkara chicle, a tropical evergreen tree. He licensed a patent for automatically cut chips of chewing gum from larger sticks: US 966,160 "Chewing Gum Chip Forming Machine" 2 August 1910[15] and a patent for automatically cutting wrappers for sticks of chewing gum: United states 913,352 "Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines" 23 February 1909[16] from Louisville, Kentucky, inventor James Henry Brady, an employee of the Colgan Gum Company.

Modern chewing gum was first developed in the 1860s when chicle was brought from Mexico past the former president, Full general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, to New York, where he gave it to Thomas Adams for use every bit a rubber substitute. Chicle did not succeed as a replacement for safety, only as a gum, which was cut into strips and marketed every bit Adams New York Chewing Glue in 1871.[17] [18] Black Jack (1884), which is flavored with licorice, Chiclets (1899), and Wrigley'south Spearmint Gum were early popular gums that rapidly dominated the marketplace and are all still around today.[3] Chewing gum gained worldwide popularity through American GIs in WWII, who were supplied chewing gum as a ration and traded it with locals. Synthetic gums were first introduced to the U.Due south. later on chicle no longer satisfied the needs of making good chewing gum.[3] By the 1960s, US manufacturers had switched to butadiene-based constructed safe, equally information technology was cheaper to industry. In the United states of america, chewing mucilage experienced a decline in popularity in the early 21st century, equally it lost its clan with counterculture and teenage rebelliousness.[19] Others blamed smartphones reducing impulse purchases at the checkout.[20]

Ingredient composition

Glue base composition is considered proprietary data known by select individuals within each gum-manufacturing company.[2] Information most the other components of chewing glue are more accessible to the public and they are listed in Table ii.

Table 2: Mutual ingredients in the formulation of mod chewing gum [1] [21]

Ingredient Percent (by weight) Composition Functionality Common examples
Gum Base[2] 25–35% Although the formulation of glue bases is considered proprietary information for industry competitors, three primary components brand up all gum bases: resin, wax, and elastomer. Resin (ex. terpene) is the main chewable portion. Wax softens the gum. Elastomers add flexibility. The molecular composition of glue base of operations is very similar to that of plastics and rubbers. Natural or synthetic ingredients (See Tabular array 3)
Sweeteners Carbohydrate alcohols: twoscore–l%

Bogus Sweeteners: 0.05–0.5%

Bulk Polyol Sweeteners are responsible for initial sweet, whereas intensive sweeteners are intended for prolonging the sugariness effect. Intensive Sweeteners are often encapsulated to filibuster the release of season. Bulk polyol sweeteners [22] :

carbohydrate, dextrose, glucose or corn syrup, erythritol, isomalt, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol

Intensive sweeteners [23] :

aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharine, sucralose, neohesperidine, dihydrichalcone

Glycerine 2–xv% To maintain moistness
Softener/Plasticizer 1–2% To soften gum by increasing flexibility and reducing brittleness by altering the glass transition temperature. Quantities of this condiment are altered to residuum processability and packaging speed. lecithin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, glycerol ester, lanolin, methyl ester, pentaerythritol ester, rice bran wax, stearic acid, sodium and potassium stearates
Flavors[24] ane.v–iii.0% For sense of taste and sensory appeal. Flavor components in mucilage exist in liquid, powder or micro-encapsulated forms.[25] Liquid flavour incorporations are either water-soluble, oil-soluble, or water-dispersible emulsions. The oil-soluble flavors remain in the gum longer, resulting in longer lasting flavour sensations, because the gum base is hydrophobic and attracted to oil-based components. Natural or synthetic

Peppermint and spearmint are the most popular flavors.[26] Nutrient acids are implemented to provide a sour flavour (i.e. citric, tartaric, malic, lactic, adipic, and fumaric acids).

Colors Variable For visual entreatment Natural or synthetic
Polyol coating[27] Variable Pellet gum's characteristic hard outer vanquish is due to a polyol coating. Polyols can also be implemented equally a water absorbent powder dusting to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of the production. These humectants demark water by establishing many hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Sorbitol

Maltitol/Isomalt

Mannitol

Starch

Gum base of operations

Mucilage base of operations is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins. Polymers, including elastomers, are responsible for the stretchy and sticky nature of chewing gum. Plasticizers better flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to the plastic and elastic nature of mucilage. The interactions of plasticizers inside gum base are governed by solubility parameters, molecular weight, and chemical structure. Resins compose the hydrophobic portion of the gum base of operations, responsible for its chewiness. Although the exact ingredients and proportions used in each brand's gum base are trade secrets within the glue industry, Table 3 lists all of the natural and constructed mucilage base components canonical for use in the U.s.a., demonstrating some examples of key gum base components.[2]

Table three: Gum base ingredients approved for utilise by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016) [28]

Natural ingredients Synthetic ingredients
Sapotaceae

Chicle

Chiquibul

Crown glue

Gutta hang kang

Massaranduba balata

Massaranduba chocolate

Nispero

Rosidinha

Venezuelan chicle

Butadiene-styrene rubber

Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (butyl safe)

Methane series (via the Fischer–Tropsch process)

Petroleum wax

Petroleum wax synthetic

Polyethylene

Polyisobutylene

Polyvinyl acetate

Apocynaceae

Jelutong

Leche caspi (sorva)

Pendare

Perillo

Moraceae

Leche de vaca

Niger gutta

Tunu (tuno)

Euphorbiaceae

Chilte

Natural rubber

Manufacturing process

First, gum base is previously prepared through a melting and straining or filtering process. The formulation for gum base is proprietary information known to few individuals inside each glue-producing company. Next, other ingredients such as nutritive and not-nutritive sweeteners and flavors are added to the mucilage base until the warm mixture thickens like dough. The gum base of operations mixture is heated during this mixing procedure to increase the entropy of the polymers to achieve a more than compatible dispersion of ingredients. Then, extrusion applied science is implemented to smooth, form, and shape the gum. Next, the mucilage goes through a shaping process that is determined by mucilage type and consumer demand. For example, cutting and wrap (chunk or cube) pieces are severed straight out of the extruder using a vertical cutter. Sheeting is a technique often used for stick, slab and tab gums. Next, gum is either conditioned by being sprinkled with a powdered polyol or coated via the awarding of subsequent layers of coating using temperature controlled coating basins before it is sent to packaging.[29]

Product varieties

Chewing gum can come in a diversity of formats ranging from ane.four to 6.ix grams per piece, and products tin be differentiated by the consumers' intent to form bubbling or the sugar/sugarless dichotomy.

Chewing gum typically comes in three formats: tablets, coated pellets, and sticks/ slabs. Chimera gum typically come in three formats as well: tablets, hollow balls, and cubes or chunks. Stick, slab, and tab gums typically come in packs of about v to 17 sticks or more than, and their medium size allows for softer texture. Pellet gums, or dragée gums, are pillow shaped pieces that are virtually always coated. Packaging of pellet gums can vary from boxes to bottles to blister packs. The blanket of pellet gum allows for the opportunity for multiple flavor sensations, since coating is done in a layering procedure and dissimilar flavour attributes can be added to various layers. Cube or clamper gums, which are typically intended for chimera blowing, are called cut and wrap gums as they are typically severed from continuous strands of extruded gum and packaged straight.[thirty] [31]

Quality and safety

Chewing gum is rather shelf stable considering of its non-reactive nature and low moisture content. The h2o activity of chewing mucilage ranges from 0.40 to 0.65.[32] The moisture content of chewing glue ranges from three to six percent.[32] In fact, chewing gum retains its quality for and then long that, in well-nigh countries, it is non required by police force to exist labeled with an expiration date.[33] If chewing mucilage remains in a stable environment, over time the gum may become brittle or lose some of its flavor, but it will never be unsafe to eat.[33] If chewing gum is exposed to moisture, over time h2o migration may occur, making the mucilage soggy. In lollipops with a gum centre, h2o migration can lead to the stop of the production's shelf life, causing the outside difficult candy shell to soften and the interior mucilage center to harden.

Physical and chemical characteristics

The physical and chemic properties of chewing mucilage impact all aspects of this product, from manufacturing to sensory perception during mastication.

Chewiness

The polymers that make up the main component of chewing gum base of operations are hydrophobic.[2] This property is essential because it allows for retention of physical backdrop throughout the mastication procedure. Because the polymers of gum repel water, the water-based saliva organisation in a consumer's mouth will dissolve the sugars and flavorings in chewing glue, but not the gum base itself. This allows for gum to be chewed for a long time without breaking down in the mouth like conventional foods. Chewing mucilage can be classified equally a production containing a liquid phase and a crystalline phase, providing gum with its characteristic residuum of plastic and elastic properties.[i]

Stickiness

While hydrophobic polymers beneficially repel h2o and contribute to chewiness, they also detrimentally concenter oil. The stickiness of gum results from this hydrophobic nature, as mucilage tin form bonds and stick when information technology makes contact with oily surfaces[2] such as sidewalks, skin, hair, or the sole of ane's shoe. To make matters worse, unsticking the mucilage is a claiming because the long polymers of the gum base stretch, rather than break. The sticky characteristic of glue may be problematic during processing if the gum sticks to any machinery or packaging materials during processing, impeding the flow of product. Aside from ensuring that the machinery is free from lipid-based residues, this effect tin exist combatted by the conditioning and coating of gum toward the end of the process. By adding either a powder or a blanket to the outside of the mucilage product, the hydrophobic gum base binds to the added substance instead of various surfaces with which it may come in contact.

Bubble-blowing adequacy

Bubblegum bubbling are formed when the tension and elasticity of gum polymers acts confronting the constant and every bit dispersed force per unit area of air being directed into the gum bolus. Chimera gum bubbles are circular considering force per unit area from the focused air being directed into the bolus acts equally on all of the interior surfaces of the glue cud, uniformly pushing outward on all surfaces as the polymers extend. Equally the bubble expands, the polymers of the mucilage base stretch and the surface of the chimera begins to thin. When the force of the air being blown into the chimera exceeds the forcefulness that the polymers can withstand, the polymers overextend and the bubble pops. Due to the elastic attributes of chewing mucilage, the deflated bubble recoils and the wad of gum is ready to go on existence chewed.[2]

Gum bases with college molecular weights are typically used in gums intended to meet bubble-forming expectations. Higher molecular weight gum bases include longer polymers that are able to stretch further, and thus are able to grade larger bubbles that retain their shape for a longer time.[2]

Flavor release

Flavor delivery is extended throughout the mastication process by timed release of dissimilar flavor components due to the concrete-chemical properties of many of chewing gum's ingredients. Entropy is a fundamental player in the process of flavor commitment. Considering some gum components are more than soluble in saliva than gum base and because over time season components desire to increment their entropy by condign dispersed in the less ordered system of the mouth than in the more ordered system of the gum bolus, season commitment occurs. During the kickoff three to iv minutes of the chew, bulking agents such as sugar or sorbitol and maltitol accept the highest solubility and, therefore, are chewed out first. Equally these components dissolve in the consumers' saliva and slide down the esophagus, they are no longer retained in the mucilage base or perceived by the chewer. During the next phase of the chew in the four to half-dozen-minute range, intense sweeteners and some acids are dissolved and chewed out. These components final slightly longer than the bulking agents because they have a slightly lower solubility. Side by side, encapsulated flavors are released during either x–fifteen minutes into the chew or after thirty–45 minutes. Encapsulated flavors remain incorporated in the glue base longer because the molecules that they are encapsulated in are more hands held inside the mucilage matrix. Finally, during the last phase of the chew, softeners such as corn syrup and glycerin and other textural modifiers are dissolved, resulting in a firming upwards of the gum and the cease of the chew.[24]

Studies have shown that gum flavor is perceived amend in the presence of sweetener.[34] Companies have started to create chemical systems in gum and so that the sweetener and flavor release together in a controlled manner during chewing.[35]

Cooling sensation

A cooling sensation is achieved through the chemic miracle of the negative enthalpy of dissolution that occurs with bulk sweeteners, such as the sugar alcohols. The enthalpy of dissolution refers to the overall corporeality of estrus that is captivated or released in the dissolving process. Because the bulk sweeteners absorb estrus as they dissolve and have a negative enthalpy, they yield a cooling sensation every bit they are dissolved in a consumer'southward saliva.[1] [21]

Health furnishings

Brain function

A review about the cognitive advantages of chewing glue past Onyper et al. (2011) establish strong evidence of improvement for the following cognitive domains: working memory, episodic retention and speed of perception. However the improvements were only evident when chewing took identify prior to cognitive testing. The precise mechanism by which gum chewing improves cognitive functioning is however non well understood. The researchers did as well note that chewing-induced arousal could be masked by the distracting nature of chewing itself, which they named "dual-process theory", which in plow could explicate some of the contradictory findings past previous studies. They also noticed the similarity between mild physical exercise such as pedaling a stationary bike and chewing gum. It has been demonstrated that balmy physical exercise leads to trivial cognitive harm during the concrete task accompanied by enhanced cognitive functioning afterwards. Furthermore, the researchers noted that no comeback could be institute for verbal fluency, which is in accordance with previous studies. This finding suggests that the event of chewing gum is domain specific. The cognitive improvements later on a period of chewing mucilage have been demonstrated to last for 15–20 minutes and decline after.[36] [ qualify evidence ]

Dental health

Sugar-free gum sweetened with xylitol has been shown to reduce cavities and plaque.[37] [ better source needed ] [ better source needed ] The sweetener sorbitol has the same benefit, but is only about one-3rd as effective as xylitol.[37] Other sugar substitutes, such equally maltitol, aspartame and acesulfame K, have too been institute to non cause tooth disuse.[17] [38] Xylitol is specific in its inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, bacteria that are meaning contributors to tooth decay.[39] Xylitol inhibits Streptococcus mutans in the presence of other sugars, with the exception of fructose.[40] Xylitol is a prophylactic sweetener that benefits teeth and saliva production because, unlike most sugars, it is not fermented to acid.[17] Daily doses of xylitol below 3.44 grams are ineffective and doses above 10.32 grams show no additional benefit.[39] Other active ingredients in chewing gum include fluoride, which strengthens tooth enamel, and p-chlorbenzyl-four-methylbenzylpiperazine, which prevents travel sickness. Chewing gum also increases saliva production.[17]

Food and sucrose accept a demineralizing effect upon enamel that has been reduced by adding calcium lactate to nutrient.[41] Calcium lactate added to toothpaste has reduced calculus germination.[42] Ane study has shown that calcium lactate enhances enamel remineralization when added to xylitol-containing gum,[43] but some other study showed no additional remineralization do good from calcium lactate or other calcium compounds in chewing-gum.[44]

Other studies[45] indicated that the caries preventive effect of chewing saccharide-complimentary gum is related to the chewing process itself rather than being an effect of gum sweeteners or additives, such as polyols and carbamide. A study investigated the in situ result of casein phosphopeptide–baggy calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP) found that its incorporation into a sugar-free gum increases the remineralization / protection of eroded enamel surface significantly.[46]

Gum chewing is regarded as a helpful mode to cure halitosis (bad breath). Chewing glue not just helps to add freshness to jiff simply tin assist in removing food particles and bacteria associated with bad jiff from teeth. It does this by stimulating saliva, which essentially washes out the mouth. Chewing sugar-gratis gum for 20 minutes afterwards a repast helps prevent tooth disuse, co-ordinate to the American Dental Clan, considering the act of chewing the carbohydrate-free gum produces saliva to launder away bacteria, which protects teeth.[47] Chewing mucilage subsequently a meal replaces brushing and flossing, if that'southward non possible, to prevent molar decay and increase saliva production.[48] Chewing glue can also assist with the lack of saliva or xerostomia since it naturally stimulates saliva production.[17] Saliva is made of chemicals, such as organic molecules, inorganic ions and macromolecules. 0.five% of saliva deals with dental health, since tooth enamel is made of calcium phosphate, those inorganic ions in saliva help repair the teeth and keep them in expert condition. The pH of saliva is neutral, which having a pH of 7 allows it to remineralize tooth enamel. Falling below a pH of v.five (which is acidic) causes the saliva to demineralize the teeth.[17]

Masumoto et al. looked at the effects of chewing gum subsequently meals post-obit an orthodontic process, to run into if chewing exercises caused subjects pain or discomfort, or helped maintain a large occlusal contact area. 35 developed volunteers chewed glue for ten to 15 minutes before or after three meals each solar day for four weeks. 90% of those questioned said that the gum felt "quite hard", and half reported no discomfort.[49] [ qualify bear witness ]

Utilize in surgery

Several randomized controlled studies have investigated the utilize of chewing gum in reducing the duration of post-operative ileus post-obit abdominal and specifically gastrointestinal surgery. A systematic review of these suggests gum chewing, as a form of "sham feeding", is a useful handling therapy in open up abdominal or pelvic surgery, although the do good is less clear when laparoscopic surgical techniques are used.[50]

Chewing gum after a colon surgery helps the patient recover sooner. If the patient chews gum for fifteen minutes for at to the lowest degree four times per day, information technology will reduce their recovery fourth dimension by a 24-hour interval and a half.[51] The average patient took 0.66 fewer days to pass gas and i.10 fewer days to take a bowel motility.[52] Saliva period and production is stimulated when glue is chewed. Glue also gets digestive juices flowing and is considered "sham feeding".[52] Sham feeding is the part of the cardinal nervous system in the regulation of gastric secretion.

Stomach

Chewing glue is used as a novel approach for the handling of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). One hypothesis is that chewing gum stimulates the product of more bicarbonate-containing saliva and increases the charge per unit of swallowing. After the saliva is swallowed, it neutralizes acid in the esophagus. In effect, chewing gum exaggerates i of the normal processes that neutralize acrid in the esophagus.[ citation needed ] However, chewing gum is sometimes considered to contribute to the development of stomach ulcers. Information technology stimulates the stomach to secrete acrid and the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes that aren't required.[53] In some cases, when consuming big quantities of gum containing sorbitol, gas and/or diarrhea may occur.[54]

Controversies

Nomenclature equally food

Controversy arises equally to health concerns surrounding the questionable classification of gum as food, particularly in regard to some alternative uses for gum base ingredients. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Assistants (FDA), chewing mucilage is considered a food, as the term "food" means "a raw, cooked, or processed edible substance, water ice, beverage, or ingredient used or intended for use or for auction in whole or in office for human consumption, or chewing gum".[55] Chewing mucilage is defined as a food of minimal nutritional value.[56] However, many of the ingredients in mucilage base have uses in inedible products, which raises concern in some consumers. Polyethylene, i of the virtually pop components of mucilage base, belongs to a common grouping of plastics and is used in products from plastic bags to hula hoops. Polyvinyl acetate is a viscid polymer found in white glue. Butyl rubber is typically used in caulking and the lining of car tires, in addition to its role in mucilage base. Paraffin wax is a byproduct of refined petroleum.[57]

Possible carcinogens

Business concern has arisen about the possible carcinogenicity of the vinyl acetate (acetic acid ethenyl ester) used by some manufacturers in their gum bases. Currently, the ingredient can exist hidden in the take hold of-all term "gum base". The Canadian authorities at 1 point classified the ingredient as a "potentially high hazard substance."[58] However, on 31 January 2010, the Government of Canada's final assessment concluded that exposure to vinyl acetate is non considered to be harmful to homo health.[59] This conclusion under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) was based on new information received during the public comment period, equally well equally more contempo information from the hazard assessment conducted past the European union.

Choking and excretion of swallowed gum

Various myths concur that swallowed gum will remain in a human'southward stomach for up to seven years, every bit it is not digestible. According to several medical opinions, there seems to exist lilliputian truth behind the tale. In nigh cases, swallowed gum will pass through the organisation as quickly as any other food.[60]

There take been cases where swallowing gum has resulted in complications in immature children requiring medical attention. A 1998 paper describes a four-year-old male child beingness referred with a ii-year history of constipation. The male child was institute to accept "always swallowed his gum afterward chewing 5 to seven pieces each day", being given the glue as a advantage for good beliefs, and the build-up resulted in a solid mass which could not get out the trunk.[61] A 1½-yr-old girl required medical attention when she swallowed her mucilage and iv coins, which got stuck together in her esophagus.[60] [61] A bezoar is formed in the stomach when food or other strange objects stick to gum and build up, causing intestinal blockage.[62] As long as the mass of mucilage is small enough to laissez passer out of the tummy, information technology volition likely pass out of the body easily,[63] just it is recommended that gum not exist swallowed or given to young children who do not understand not to swallow information technology.[61]

Adults have choked to expiry on chewing mucilage in rare cases. A 2012 written report describes a 42-twelvemonth-sometime woman who brutal on the stairs while chewing gum. Due to the impact, the gum fell into the throat and was inhaled into the larynx, causing complete blockage and resulting in the woman's death by asphyxiation.[64]

Ecology furnishings

Chewing gum is non water-soluble and dissimilar other confectionery is non fully consumed. There has been much effort at public education and investment aimed at encouraging responsible disposal. Despite this it is commonly found stuck underneath benches, tables, handrails and escalators. It is extremely difficult and expensive to remove in one case "walked in" and dried. Mucilage bonds strongly to asphalt and rubber shoe soles because they are all made from polymeric hydrocarbons. It also bonds strongly with physical paving. Removal is generally achieved by steam jet and scraper but the process is slow and labour-intensive.

About external urban areas with high pedestrian traffic show high incidence of casual chewing gum discard. In 2000 a study on Oxford Street, one of London's busiest shopping streets, showed that a quarter of a million black or white blobs of chewing gum were stuck to its pavement.[17] Gum removal from urban center streets, or even famous landmarks, tin be a plush effort; in Rome, 15,000 pieces of chewed glue are discarded on a daily basis and the removal of each piece costs the metropolis one euro.[65] Nonetheless, probable as a consequence of Singapore's ban, Singapore'due south pavements are, peradventure uniquely amid modern cities, free of gum.

Diverse teams of researchers have adult mucilage that is less agglutinative and degrades inside days or weeks.[66] [67] One example, Rev7 Gum, was briefly for sale from 2010 to 2012.

Bans

Many schools do non allow chewing gum considering students ofttimes dispose of information technology inappropriately (leaving it nether desks and chairs, backside vending machines, etc.). The chewing may as well pose a distraction to course, and the mucilage might carry diseases or bacteria from other students.[68]

The Singapore government outlawed chewing gum in 1992 citing the danger of discarded glue existence wedged in the sliding doors of underground trains and full general cleanliness. However, in 2004 the government allowed sugarless gum to be sold in pharmacies if a doctor or dentist prescribed it due to the Singapore–United states of america Gratuitous Merchandise Understanding.[69]

Recycling

Gumdrop chewing gum collecting bin

In 2018, the BBC published a news article on British designer Anna Bullus, who created a method of collecting and recycling chewing mucilage into plastic, noting that litter from chewing mucilage is the second nearly common class of litter, second only to cigarette litter. She uses a Worcester recycling plant to make one-time chewing mucilage into plastic. She and so uses that plastic at a plastic moulding specialist, Amber Valley, in Leicester to brand plastic objects. Known objects made are collection containers for more chewing glue, shoe soles, rubber boots, and plastic cups.[70] Her company advertises itself every bit the "first visitor in the world to recycle and process chewing gum into a range of new compounds that can be used in the rubber and plastics manufacture". The company is called Gum-tec, and the collection containers are dubbed "gumdrops". Advertised products on the website are pencils, coffee mugs, guitar picks, a "wheel spoke", rulers, sports cones, frisbees, boomerangs, door stops, "repast mates", tiffin-boxes, and combs.[71]

See besides

  • Chimera gum
  • List of chewing gum brands
  • Bubblegum Alley
  • Glue base of operations

References

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External links

  • "Chewing-Gum". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum

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